Disruptive Technologies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Disruptive Technologies - Essay Example Perhaps the most ancient material for writing devised by man was the clay tablet. The Sumerians and the inhabitants of Babylonians were the first ones to use clay tablets. These were basically square shaped flat bricks of clay that were inscribed by writing while they were wet. (â€Å"Britannica†, n.d.). People by that time had devised a form of written language through symbols. These were obviously written symbols, and were engraved on wet clay bricks or tablets which were then baked in the sun and preserved. They used a devise called ‘stylus’ for imprinting the symbols in clay. The most logical problem with clay tablets was their size and breaking risk. Therefore, the people came up with something that met what they needed, which was the scrolls. The scrolls were made from a form of parchment, papyrus, or paper. These were actually small pieces of parchment attached to one another by some form of glue to form a long writing space. These were kept all rolled up in form of scrolls. In a scroll, The scrolls were found in Europe and western side of Asia. These were used by inhabitants of Egypt who used Arabic language that is written from right to left and were later adopted by other civilizations who wrote from left to right. Even in the current date, scrolls are used by Jews in their religious ceremonies. Even though many people liked the usage of the scrolls, yet, they were looking for something smaller, lighter and flexible to be used. Therefore, they came up with the codex. Codex, according to Wikipedia is: Romans were the pioneers in codex. Codex was definitely superior to scrolls. It was much easier to handle as compared to scrolls. Codex made it possible for the reader to read while holding the pages almost spread out flat in front of him. With the spread of codex, scrolls became almost obsolete. The modern form of codex is the book in print as the modern world knows it. Printed books are still popular. Initially, all pages of a

Teacher Certification Essay Example for Free

Teacher Certification Essay The whole issue of teacher certification is one of great importance and when discussed must be done in a delicate and thoughtful manner. The reason for this increasing importance is because the education of our nations teachers is important to the creation of an ideal education system, which is one of the goals of our national government and State governments. Over the years the whole educational reform movement has become an increasingly hot topic. Reforms in the administration of school systems and in curriculum theory and practice have been asked for and a4re currently being put into effect. Recently, reform of the education of teachers is being added to the lo9ng list of reforms needed. Many reform activists feel that direct changes need to be made on the methods of training and certifying the teachers of our country. Before looking at the reform movement, however, one must first look at the so called problem of inconsistency in teacher certification. In our country today there is a general consistency among the requirements for state certification of teachers. Most states require their teacher institutions to establish a teacher education program that includes coursework and fieldwork. The coursework includes those courses that prepare a student to become a professional teacher and those classes that include major and minor fields of specialization. Fieldwork, which is probably the most important of the two forms of requirements, involves the individual interested in being a teacher going out and observing, practicing, and preparing to enter the educational world as an instructor. There is no argument that all schools in every state has these basic requirements of teacher certification. However, the inconsistency lies within how the numerous institutions go about in teaching these requirements. Each post-secondary school is given the jurisdiction to choose how they are going to go about meeting these basic teacher certification requirements. For example, many states require a different amount of field hours. An inconsistency can also be seen in the various models of teacher education that are used throughout the nation. Two education researchers, Howey and Zimpher conducted a study on this variety of models in 1989. They came up with three different attempts of teacher training. The first, known as the teachers college model, involves certification students entering a separate school within a university that is a teachers college. The second approach is called the liberal arts model by the researchers, and is a method that requires and individual to become specialized in a certain liberal arts subject in order to create capable and cultured human beings. The third and final model discussed by Howley and Zimpher is entitled the competency-based model. This method trains individuals in the arts o motivation and understanding. As one can see by this case study, there have been a variety of approaches to teacher certification. An inconsistency can similarly be detected by looking at the various new and innovative ideas in teacher education. Among these include the alternative route, a topic discussed earlier, and the five-year degree program, and issue to be discussed shortly in this section. Altogether, one could state that there is some inconsistency in teacher certification, and this inconsistency brings about a small problem in the educational spectrum of our world. In my opinion, there is no national and universal set of requirements for teacher certification. The variety of different methods and forms of teacher education programs is causing an inconsistency in how teachers are being trained nationwide. When this is realized, the whole issue of reforming teacher certification becomes very relevant to our society. As stated earlier, reforms in the training of future teachers are beginning to really be requested by the general public. Various groups have met to discuss the various issues surrounding the reform movement. Among the most notable are the Holmes Group, the Association of American Colleges of Teacher Education (AACTE), the Education Commission of the States (ECS), and Goodlads group. These various groups and many others have come up with a variety of reforms and new standards that most likely should and will be integrated into the current teacher certification requirements. One certain similarity that all of these recommendations have with each other is that they all call for higher regulations and an increase in the education of future teachers. Many of the group0s called for an increase in providing individuals knowledge on the profession of teachi8ng, and some groups also called for a more intense training in the various fields under a liberal arts education. Increases in the amount of fieldwork required seems to also be a major issue discussed by the reform groups. The issue of selection under standardized testing was also discussed, with respect to increasing the required SAT/ACT or GRE scores. Finally, the research groups came up with various new ideas involving the creation of professional teaching schools or tiered systems that would require a teacher to go through more training even after they received their bachelors degree. All in all, these reform groups have come up with some very unique and interesting ideas to change teacher certification for the better. It is the best interest of our nation to make changes in our current teacher education program, for, in this case, change would be for the better. To conclude, I would like to take a brief but in depth look at an innovative idea established by the Maine State Department of Education in conjunction with the University of Southern Maine. This program, entitled the Extended Teacher Education Program, involves future teachers continuing on for a fifth year after completing their undergraduate studies. This fifth year involves the individual taking part in internships. These internships give the future teachers a chance at more fieldwork in order to gain more experiences before they become full fledged teachers. Nonetheless, the results of the initial year of the program seem to indicate that the idea around this new program is a successful one. Those individuals who took part in the program obtained various skills and understandings that all ideal teachers should have. The excellent outcomes of this program leads one to believe that it might be a good idea to implement this structure nationwide. The idea of creating professional schools for teachers has become a popular one in recent times. After all if doctors and lawyers have to go to a professional school, then shouldnt teachers as well? In conclusion, the issue of teacher training and certification brings up many questions, especially in reference to reforming. The inconsistent and somewhat outdated education of teachers today needs change, in order to create an ideal educational system. Numerous reforms have been discussed and recommended by various research organizations and now is the time to take action and implement some of these reforms before our education systems continue to fall downwards into the depths of degradation. Change I needed and change must come now.

Cross-cultural Experiences :: Personal Narrative Essays

Cross-cultural Experiences Question Answered: Present the ways in which cross-cultural experiences strengthen a continuous development of the world environment. Cross-cultural experiences can be defined in several ways. Some view these experiences as a way to interact with individuals who are diverse, often experiencing things unfathomable in relation to one's own life. Some view these experiences as an opportunity to strengthen world relations, promoting the idea of peace and worldwide togetherness. Also, some would say that cross-culture is a way to understand people of all races and circumstances, lowering the threat of war and misunderstandings. I believe that cross-culture envelops all of these ideas. It is an extreme responsibility that should never be taken lightly. It is a chance to share the American culture with others, often learning more about a foreign place in the process. Regardless, cross-cultural experiences are very significant and wonderful. They enrich the lives of those who participate by offering experience, knowledge, patience, and an understanding into one's own culture, as well as into that of those who share this be autiful world with us. Cross-cultural experiences allow the partaker to "walk a mile in someone else's shoes." This old adage is quite relevant when addressed to the experience of learning in another surrounding. One gets to encounter how another person lives his or her life. They get to taste the different cuisine, enjoy music, and interact with citizens who are dissimilar. By doing this, the individual is seeing what life is like in another atmosphere. They are becoming aware of the different plights and jubilant exercises someone across the globe views as normal. For instance, if someone from a relatively peaceful country visits a warlike realm, they will understand and see "firsthand" the variation of the two atmospheres. When focusing on the situation, it is easier to clarify why certain individuals behave in a different way. These experiences also teach one about oneself. It offers the chance to promote the great country from which one came. Often, America is stereotyped for all types of ideals, such as baseball and apple pie. However, once entered into a new culture, one can adequately portray America for the diverse melting pot and land of opportunity for all races that it indeed is. Cross-culture is a shared mutual respect for the world in which we live. It offers strong ties to other countries, while promoting the greatness of the red, white, and blue.

National Crime Prevention Council Essay

Cyberbullying and cybersuicide were the the topics on the news documentary â€Å"CNN’s Headline Prime† on Tuesday March 27th, 2007 at 8:00-9:00 p. m. The show reported on information and examples of Internet bullying in general, along with cases of cyber-suicide. One of the stories reported on concerned a teen boy texting on the Internet that he wanted to kill himself. Others online egged him on, offered him a gun to use and touted, â€Å"Chicken—you won’t do it. † The end result, the boy did kill himself. This wasn’t the first time this has happened in cyberspace. The show even displayed the text of the messages. One boy wrote something to the effect: â€Å"Was this for real? † after it became apparent the one youth followed through on his online threat of suicide. According to a survey from the National Crime Prevention Council, 33% of students between the ages of 8 and 18 know at least one person who has been a victim of cyber bullying (Shyrock, 2006). Bullying and suicide have always been around. As technology and computers infiltrate our lives, I guess it should not be too surprising that daily events that once occurred in person are now pervading the Internet. â€Å"Cyberbullying is sending or posting harmful or cruel text or images using the Internet or other digital communication devices† (Cyberbullying, 2007). Cyberthreats were also discussed on â€Å"CNN’s Headline Prime† and are a related concern. A cyberthreat is online material that threatens or raises concerns about violence against others, suicide, or other self-harm. The two kinds of cyberthreats that are direct threats are actual threats to hurt someone or commit suicide. Some of the things I feel individuals, groups and society should do to improve this problem with cyberbullying and cybersuicide is occurring. The problem of cyberbullying has begun to be addressed in different ways. Websites like the Center for the Safe and Responsible Internet Use site (CSRUI), Cyberbully. org. and cyber-safe-kids. com have been established to address the problem. CSRUI provides resources for educators and others to promote the safe and responsible use of the Internet. The statement on their homepage says, â€Å"Mobilizing educators, parents, students, and others to combat online social cruelty† (Cyberbullying, 2007). The United States Government with the Secretary of Defense has introduced a non-profit organization i-Safe that aims at educating children, teens and adults about the â€Å"harm of unregulated Internet† (Cyberbullying, 2007). i-Safe works with schools, communities and law enforcement in creating programs to inform parents and children about the Internet, offering I-mentors and preparing individuals and communities on Internet bullying. Nancy Willard has an online document site that addresses legislative and school policies concerning cyberbullying. On this site, â€Å"Cyberbullying Legislation and School Policies: Where are the Boundaries of the â€Å"Schoolhouse Gate† in the Virtual World,† Willard addresses such things as the history of cyberbullying, how cyberbullying affects students, and the policies and legislation concerning with cyberbullying. On Willard’s page she states that â€Å"legislation is pending in a number of states to address the concern of cyberbullying. Many school districts are also adopting policies to address cyberbullying†(Willard, 2007). Insofar as to incorporate material we’ve learned in class, our text, and the various online sites to apply to this cyberbullying issue, not too surprisingly I read that â€Å"Many bullies come from families where there is poor parenting† (Cyberbullying, 2007). However, of course, like most social problems, this doesn’t explain all of it. As technology and communication have expanded, so have the problems that go with it like cyberbullying. I believe I read in our textbook something similar, along with other readings that those who are victims of cyberbullying or bullying in general are not too likely to seek help from authorities. Some signs that someone is a victim of cyberbullying can include trouble sleeping, fear of going out of the house, acting out aggression at home, stories that don’t seem to make sense, unexplained loss of money or loss of personal items (Cyberbullying, 2007). From what I have read for this assignment, the social causes of bullying stem from aspects of a child’s surroundings including their family and friends and in some cases, lack thereof. Often a child models him or herself after those in their immediate environment. If one’s family is disrespectful, argues and makes fun of each other, this type of behavior can become comfortable outside the home (Cyberbullying, 2007). Jack Kalousek, student activities director at Franklin High School in Livonia, Michigan believes that most cyber bullying stems from feelings of inferiority or jealousy on the part of the bully. â€Å"These people (the bullies) tend to have conflicts with other students and elevate their own worth by tearing down others. I believe their goal is to make themselves feel better by making someone else feel worse (Shyrock, 2006). As far as the social consequences of bullies, â€Å"bullies tend to have more court convictions than their peers, are more prone to alcoholism, are far less social, and over time becomes more isolated from their peers† (Cyberbullying, 2007). I agree with the educational system for getting involved in addressing the problem of online bullying. I also applaud the various organizations and legislation that is focusing on this social ill. However, in my research I read little about the role of parents in this online bullying which surprises me somewhat. I suppose it’s not too uncommon these days to hand over issues to organizations and legislatures, however, I wish parents felt they had a significant role in this problem because I feel that they could if they communicated more with their children and involved themselves in this social problem on an individual level. â€Å"Online is just a parallel of real life; the same rules have to be adapted and applied,† says Parry Aftab, executive director of WiredSafety. â€Å"If you do something wrong, there are going to be ramifications. Kids need to learn they have to be accountable† (Cyberbullying, 2005). Bibliography CyberBullying. Retrieved March 27, 2007, from Sociology 102: Group Project Web site: http://mblog. lib. umich. edu/cyberbulling/archives/2007/03/the_gender_fact. html (2005, March 29). Cyberbullying Pervades the Public School Experience. Retrieved March 29, 2007, from Issues & Controversies. Facts on File News Services. Internet Bullying. Headline Prime. CNN. March 27, 2007. Paulson, Amanda (2003, Dec 30). Internet Bullying. Retrieved March 29, 2007, Web site: http://www. csmonitor. com/2003/1230/plls01-legn. html Shryock, Kathleen Wilson. (2006, April 01). â€Å"Bullies in Cyberspace. † Leadership for Student Activities. eLibrary. Proquest. 29 Mar 2007. . Willard, Nancy (2007, March). Cyberbullying Legislation and School Policies: Where are the Boundaries of the â€Å"Schoolhouse Gate† in the Virtual World. Retrieved March 30, 2007, from Center for the Responsible Use of the Internet Web site: http://www. cyberbully. org/docs/cblegislation. pdf

Performance and Value in Business in Relation to Religion Essay

It’s commonly known that Christians use the Bible as a guide to salvation and to assist in having a stable loving family and home life. However, the Bible is far more useful than many imagine. The Bible is also a resource for the workplace. The first day on the job is often stressful; however, the Bible provides comfort with Psalm 23, â€Å"The Lord is my shepherd†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (NIV) Besides comfort, the Bible is a guide to proper performance in the workplace. Along with performance is value, and both are important in business. Managers should not increase a firm’s value or performance by treating employees harshly (Brealey et. al., p.14). They should act without vain conceit or selfish ambition, but with humility (Phil. 2:3). The value of a company is increased by the performance of the manager(s), and this is accomplished by meeting business standards, complying with all laws, tax codes, and paying debts on time (Rom. 13:1) (Mat. 22:17) (Rom. 13:7). Managers that are successful have built a trust with employees and other business partners which further enhance performance and increase a company’s value by creating long term working relationships (Brealey et. al., p. 15). Teaching others that you can be trusted serves to build profits and trusting in the Lord is essential (Tit. 2:10) (Tit. 3:8). One’s own belief in Christianity and using its valuable lessons as a guide to life is great, but what if people began to integrate it in business as a regular practice? This question was posed by Laura Nash in the article where she was interviewed. She is a senior research fellow at Harvard Business School (Lagace 2001). Understanding religion in today’s business is critical because you may win contracts with Buddhist and Muslims and feel the underlying religious current. Managers need to understand that a religious uprising in India can affect their plants operation there. Managing a business creates stress with others that can lead to poor interactions even hate and greed may develop. A religion based on love such as Christianity to work as a spiritual anchor and ensure best business practices (Lagace 2001).

Free Essays on Adultery

â€Å"Why did it happen?† â€Å"How long has this been going on?† â€Å"Does this mean my relationship is over?† Many people asked themselves these questions and similar after an unfaithful partner has been discovered. There are many answers to those questions, but never a simple one. Some people are unfaithful for reasons that lie in their past, for example a history of adultery between their parents in their marriage. Others are unfaithful because of how they view the purpose of the opposite gender. You have men who believe that women are prey and should be caught and then women who believe that they cant survive without a man. These people are caught in a way of thinking about the other gender, which causes their behavior to lead to unfaithfulness. After realizing the many reasons why it could happen. It always important for the person to try to understand why it has occurred, the reason may lie within the relationship itself. Once you understand or h ave some sense into why it happened, you can work on ways to approach the situation. This is as important for the person being unfaithful, the partner, and the third willing participant. After grasping a sense at what of what is going on, most psychologists suggest you try to understand the various ways a partner can be in an extramarital affair. Affairs are defined in many ways. First an affair always takes place over a period of time, it may be very emotionally charged and it may or may not involve sexual intercourse. Also, an affair can have a sexual involvement and not be part of an emotional attachment, but it may also include it. Once a committed relationship is established, if there is a secret sexual and romantic involvement outside of the relationship, it is experienced as an infidelity. We can best understand any act by openly considering many factors that are involved. It may also help to know whether there was a strong emotional bond between your mate and t... Free Essays on Adultery Free Essays on Adultery â€Å"Why did it happen?† â€Å"How long has this been going on?† â€Å"Does this mean my relationship is over?† Many people asked themselves these questions and similar after an unfaithful partner has been discovered. There are many answers to those questions, but never a simple one. Some people are unfaithful for reasons that lie in their past, for example a history of adultery between their parents in their marriage. Others are unfaithful because of how they view the purpose of the opposite gender. You have men who believe that women are prey and should be caught and then women who believe that they cant survive without a man. These people are caught in a way of thinking about the other gender, which causes their behavior to lead to unfaithfulness. After realizing the many reasons why it could happen. It always important for the person to try to understand why it has occurred, the reason may lie within the relationship itself. Once you understand or h ave some sense into why it happened, you can work on ways to approach the situation. This is as important for the person being unfaithful, the partner, and the third willing participant. After grasping a sense at what of what is going on, most psychologists suggest you try to understand the various ways a partner can be in an extramarital affair. Affairs are defined in many ways. First an affair always takes place over a period of time, it may be very emotionally charged and it may or may not involve sexual intercourse. Also, an affair can have a sexual involvement and not be part of an emotional attachment, but it may also include it. Once a committed relationship is established, if there is a secret sexual and romantic involvement outside of the relationship, it is experienced as an infidelity. We can best understand any act by openly considering many factors that are involved. It may also help to know whether there was a strong emotional bond between your mate and t...

Mount Wilson Observatory

Mount Wilson Observatory High in the San Gabriel mountains, north of the busy Los Angeles basin, the telescopes at the Mount Wilson Observatory have been watching the skies for more than a century. Through its venerable instruments, astronomers have made discoveries that have changed humanitys understanding of the universe. Fast Facts: Mount Wilson Observatory Mount Wilson Observatory has four telescopes, three solar towers, and four interferometer arrays. The largest telescope is the 100-inch Hooker Telescope.One of the most important discoveries made at Mount Wilson in its early years was by Edwin P. Hubble. He found that the Andromeda Nebula is actually a separate galaxy.The CHARA Array on Mount Wilson was used in 2013 to detect starspots on the star Zeta Andromedae, and in 2007, it made the first measurement of the angular diameter of a planet around another star. Today, Mount Wilson remains one of the premier observatories in the world, despite the incursions of light pollution that threaten its clear views of the sky. It is run by the Mount Wilson Institute, which took over the administration of the observatory after Carnegie Institution for Science planned to shut it down in 1984. The site has been kept open and running again since the mid-1990s. Mount Wilson and Observatory ridge aerial photo. Doc Searls, CC BY 2.0   History of Mount Wilson Observatory Mount Wilson Observatory was built on the 1,740-meter tall Mount Wilson (named for the early settler Benjamin Wilson). It was founded by George Ellery Hale, a solar astronomer devoted to studying and understanding sunspots, and was also one of the key people involved in building telescopes in the early 20th century. He brought the 60-inch Hale reflecting telescope to Mount Wilson, followed by the 100-inch Hooker telescope. He also built a 200-inch telescope at nearby Palomar Mountain, south of Los Angeles. It was Hales work that eventually inspired Griffith J. Griffith to give money for the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles. The observatory at Mount Wilson was originally built with funding by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. In more recent times, it has received funding from universities. It also solicits support from the public in the form of donations for the continued operation of the facilities.   The 100-inch Hooker telescope, once the largest in the world. It is still in use today. Ken Spencer, CC BY-SA 3.0   Challenges and Telescopes Building world-class telescopes atop the mountain posed a number of challenges for the observatorys founders.  Access to the mountain was limited by the rough roads and even rougher terrain. Still, a consortium of people from Harvard, University of Southern California, and Carnegie Institutions began to work on building the observatory. Two telescopes, a 40-inch Alvan Clark instrument, and a 13-inch refractor were ordered for the new site. Harvard astronomers began using the observatory in the late 1880s. Encroaching tourists and the owners of the land made things difficult, and for a time the observatory site shut down. The planned 40-inch telescope was diverted for use at the Yerkes Observatory in Illinois.   Eventually, Hale and others decided to return to Mount Wilson to build new telescopes there. Hale wanted to do stellar spectroscopy as part of new advances in astronomy. After much back-and-forth and negotiations, Hale signed a contract to lease 40 acres at the top of Mount Wilson to build an observatory. In particular, he wanted to create a solar observatory there. It took several years, but eventually, four great telescopes, including the world’s largest solar and stellar instruments, would get built on the mountain. Using those facilities, astronomers such as Edwin Hubble made significant discoveries about stars and galaxies.   The Original Mount Wilson Telescopes The Mount Wilson telescopes were behemoths to build and transport up the mountain. Since few vehicles could make the drive, Hale had to rely on horse-drawn carriages to bring up the mirrors and equipment needed. The result of all the hard work was the building of the Snow Solar Telescope, which was the first one to be installed on the mountain. Joining it was the 60-foot solar tower, and then a 150-foot solar tower. For non-solar viewing, the observatory built the 60-inch Hale Telescope, and then finally the 100-inch Hooker Telescope. The Hooker held the record for many years as the worlds largest telescope until the 200-inch was built at Palomar.   The Hale telescope being transported up to the summit of Mount Wilson. Public domain.  Ã‚   Current Instruments Mount Wilson Observatory eventually gained several solar telescopes over the years. It has also added instruments such as the Infrared Spatial Interferometer. This array gives astronomers another way to study infrared radiation from celestial objects. In addition, there are two stellar interferometers, a 61-cm telescope, and the Caltech Infrared Telescope are also in use on the mountain. In 2004, Georgia State University built an optical interferometer called the CHARA Array (named for the Center for Angular Resolution Astronomy). Its one of the most powerful instruments of its kind.   The top of the solar tower on Mount Wilson.   Dave Foc, CC BY-SA 3.0.   Each piece of the Mount Wilson Observatory collection is equipped with state-of-the-art CCD cameras, detector arrays, and spectrometers and spectrographs. All these instruments help astronomers record the observations, create images, and dissect the light that streams from distant objects in the cosmos.  In addition, to help correct for atmospheric conditions, the 60-inch telescope has been outfitted with adaptive optics that allow it to get sharper images. Notable Observations at Mount Wilson Not long after the largest telescopes were built, astronomers began flocking to use them. In particular, astronomer Edwin P. Hubble used the Hooker to peer out at distant objects that were (at the time) called spiral nebulae.  It was at Mount Wilson that he made his famous observations of Cepheid variable stars in the Andromeda nebula, and concluded that this object was really a distant and distinct galaxy. That discovery in the Andromeda Galaxy shook the foundations of astronomy. Then, a few years later, Hubble and his assistant, Milton Humason, made further observations that proved the universe is expanding. These observations formed the basis of the modern study of cosmology: the origin and evolution of the universe. Its views of the expanding universe have informed cosmologys constant search for an understanding of such events as the Big Bang.   Edwin P. Hubble, the astronomer who used the Mount Wilson 100-inch telescope to observe distant galaxies. His work led to the discovery of the expanding universe. Public domain   Mount Wilson Observatory has also been used to look for evidence of such things as dark matter, by astronomer Fritz Zwicky, and further work on the different types of stellar populations by Walter Baade. The question of dark matter has been studied by other astronomers as well, including the late Vera Rubin. Some of astronomys most prominent names have used this facility over the years, including Margaret Harwood, Alan Sandage, and many others. Its still heavily used today and allows remote access to observers from around the world.   Dr. Vera Cooper Rubin in 1970, working on measuring galaxy rotation rates. Vera Rubin Mount Wilson in the Public Eye The administration of Mount Wilson Observatory is also dedicated to public outreach and education. To that end, the 60-inch telescope is used for educational observing. The grounds of the observatory are open to visitors, and there are weekend observing sessions and tours available as the weather permits. Hollywood has used Mount Wilson for a filming location, and the world has watched several times via Webcam as the observatory was threatened by wildfires. Sources â€Å"CHARA - Home.† Center for High Angular Resolution Astronomy, www.chara.gsu.edu/.Collins, Marvin. â€Å"Benjamins Mountain.† Broadcast History, www.oldradio.com/archives/stations/LA/mtwilson1.htm.â€Å"Mount Wilson Observatory.† Atlas Obscura, Atlas Obscura, 15 Jan. 2014, www.atlasobscura.com/places/mount-wilson-observatory.â€Å"Mount Wilson Observatory.† Mount Wilson Observatory, www.mtwilson.edu/.

The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing

The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing The Whys and Hows of Paraphrasing By Mark Nichol Paraphrasing, rewording of spoken or written content, is a necessary skill for every writer. This post discusses the purposes of process of paraphrasing. Why Paraphrase? Quoting directly without attribution is plagiarism, an offense against those responsible for crafting the original message. In a scholarly setting, it constitutes academic dishonesty, which when committed by students is punished with a failing grade, suspension, or expulsion; it also compromises their future in academia. In the case of faculty or academic researchers, it signals a lack of integrity and can ruin one’s career. Even with attribution, however, extensive direct quotation in course assignments or in scholarly research is discouraged; some sources recommend that no more than 10 percent of an academic paper or article consist of exact wording from a research source. In both trade books and scholarly publishing, the same benchmarks seems appropriate; journalism is more accepting, but direct quotation consisting of more than 25 percent of an article (except in the case of a question-and-answer interview) is likely to be regarded as excessive. Why should paraphrasing predominate? The purpose of academic writing is not to exactly reproduce the findings and interpretations of others; it is to report findings and interpretations and produce commentary on them, extrapolate and evaluate, and make new inferences, as well as to synthesize multiple sources. Therefore, academic writing should summarize the work of others, reproducing content verbatim only when a strikingly original conclusion, or a statement that should be clearly attributed as exact wording, merits inclusion in the secondary work. In journalistic writing, quotations often add color and vibrancy to an article. Precise reproduction of some of a subject’s or source’s comments conveys the person’s character and personality or lends authority. However, just as with scholarly prose, direct quotation should be the exception, not the rule; the reporter’s task is to describe an event or issue or to create an impression for readers who were not present during an incident or an interview. Paraphrasing also allows reorganization of sources’ or subjects’ statements not in order to manipulate the comments with the intent to mislead, but to improve the narrative flow or place randomly uttered thoughts in coherent chronological order. This technique also enables writers to impart information that is valuable or integral but was not expressed well. How to Paraphrase Paraphrasing is simple: Read a passage from a source, or examine your notes from an interview, and imagine you’re sharing the information with others which is exactly what you’re doing. Strive to find a simpler, more direct way to describe what you’ve read; it’s acceptable to use the same word now and then, and you may occasionally employ partial direct quotations to reproduce key phrases, but always remember that your goal is to report, not reproduce. And though you may consider the source content better stated than what you can produce, be confident that your paraphrase will be good enough. How would you paraphrase a passage like the first sentence of Abraham Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address? Here’s the source material: â€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.† Lincoln’s strategy for placing the event he refers to in chronological context is eloquently poetic, but a paraphrase need only provide the context: â€Å"Almost a hundred years ago† is sufficient. The nouns identifying the actors, the locale, and the result are easily replaced with predecessors (or, more colorfully, forebears or â€Å"those who came before us†), land, and country, and â€Å"brought forth† can be rendered formed: â€Å"Those who came before in this land us formed a new country† says the same thing as the rest of the first phrase of the original. â€Å"Conceived in liberty† can be rewritten â€Å"created while fighting for freedom.† The paraphrase of the final phrase, meanwhile, could consist of the words â€Å"inspired by the idea of human equality.† The result, not as stirring, but serviceable, is reportage that says, â€Å"According to the speaker, almost a hundred years ago, those who came before us in this land formed a new country while fighting for freedom and inspired by the idea of human equality.† However, the restatement unnecessarily retains the syntax and is wordier than necessary (and wordier than the original text). Keep trying: â€Å"The speaker said that our forebears, believing in human equality, formed a new country here when they fought for freedom almost a hundred years ago.† If you wished to insert at least a few words of the original wording, you might delete the phrase about freedom and throw in â€Å"conceived in liberty,† set off by commas and framed in quotation marks, after here. As you paraphrase, keep in mind that the key to the process is distillation of the source material to its essence with or without commentary, depending on whether interpretative content is expected from the paraphrasing writer. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Addressing A Letter to Two People8 Proofreading Tips And TechniquesEach vs. Both

Immigration Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Immigration - Coursework Example As per statistics this can be said that in the year 2009, almost 200 million people changed their resident country throughout the world. This number is almost 3 % of overall population in the world. Economic migrant refers to those persons who are moving from one region to another region for the purpose of seeking employment opportunities or for improving their financial condition. So this can be said that economic migrant are distinct in nature from the refugees. Many countries have restriction in the field of immigration and providing visa to the people. This will help to prohibit a person from entering into the other country. It is also helpful to protect the country and its economy from those persons who want to work without proper and valid work visa. China is an example of such kind of countries which completely stopped to grant citizenship for foreign migrants. Again violation of immigration law may be harmful for the people and government of that country can refuse their entry and force them to leave the country as soon as possible. Another term is used in the field of immigration which is called legal immigrant. The person enters in the new country for the purpose of b eing a permanent resident after getting clearance from the respective end. In this case the person is called as legal immigrant (Kleyn, 2-8). Immigration can be defined as a powerful instrument for economic revitalization. If population of a country increases, then number of working labour force participants also will get increased. This will help to enhance the economic condition of that country. Again more number of workers will help to generate more consumers spending in the economy. Businesses will flourish in this stage and entrepreneurs will get more scope to expand their business activities. When industry attains the growth position then automatically

Embracing the Concept of Democracy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Embracing the Concept of Democracy - Essay Example The intent of this paper is to lucidly determine these changes that were deemed to embrace the concept of democracy, and whether they actually achieved their intended purpose as expressed by the response of the people. An incident that can be viewed as the genesis of the Russian transformation is the defeat in the Crimean War. It resulted in the sought of scenarios where individuals reassess their own status so as to forge a route forward. Russia has expected to win the war with ease seeing that it had the largest army in Europe but overlooked the morale of the soldiers to fight. The defeat opened channels for reassessments, which were mainly carried out in the 1860s and came to be commonly referred to as the Great Reforms. Realizing the underbelly of the army and the possibility of being attacked in the future, Alexander II initiated a number of reforms.1 One aspect to Russia that stood up in the Crimean War as compared to its enemies was that the country still practised serfdom. The enemies disliked this fact about Russia and Alexander II saw this as an opportunity to commence the reforms that would transform Russia. Ending selfdom was a move supported by the liberal intellectual in the country, but fiercely contested by the landowners. In 1861, Alexander II pushed forward to end the practice, and the country was one of the last to do so in the European continent. â€Å"The new democracy,† as Pobedonostsev refers to it, is nonetheless questionable as it still left so many in suffering whilst it was supposed to do the opposite. 2 As a result of the liberation of the peasants, there was a surge in the number of citizens in the local governments. The peasants now had a voice that was recognized by the government, and this required it to be embedded into the government itself. Initially, the local government was run by the sole representation of the landlords who were viewed in turn as representatives of their serfs. A new form of government referred to as the zemstvos were put into place, it required fair elections to be conducted. Pobedonostsev cites this form of government as ’a fatal error, and one of the most remarkable in the history of mankind.  Ã‚  

Blog Reflection - 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Blog Reflection - 2 - Assignment Example is identified to the place where it thrives mostly and since it’s a cactus, we can expect that it would grow and adapt to an arid region where rains are low or seldom. In particular, I can imagine a desert in which extreme drought may take place and thus people who live here depend on oasis or an average body of water available on certain spots so the inhabitants as well as their humped animals with heavy loads abide by the culture of storing food and water for survival within a number of days. Similarly, due to such an identity, cactus need not be watered as one would an ordinary plant. If I had a garden, I would probably choose to plant and design field slots for roses, gerberas, chrysanthemum, lilies, solidago, gypsophila, and some greenery. I suppose these flowers would altogether produce my desired effect of impacting a splendid atmosphere where I may find conducive to indulge in my fondness to compose poems and savor reading classic literature. It has always been my dream to put up a flower garden composed of lovely fragrant flowers which I believe are highly stimulating to senses, intellect, and overall

Documented paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Documented - Research Paper Example This situation is in sharp contrast to the denizens of rich states like   America who not only have more then enough food for their consumption but waste a great deal of it too. Many reasons have been give to explain away the food crisis some of which include weather conditions, increased demand attributable to an ever increasing population and for many speculation on food commodities has contributed to fluctuating prices which have nothing to do with real demand or supply of the commodity. For example the present Pope expressed his anger over food speculation which he feels is responsible for the food crisis. Also contributing to the crisis are serious concerns over the food supply. Over the past few years bumper crops meant that farmers had been getting underpaid for their product due to the overwhelming supply. Because of this problem many farmers decided to switch from food production to utilizing the land for something else. For example in India a major controversy was generat ed by the utilization of land for production of bio-fuels which were offering higher returns to farmers and resulting in higher export earnings, however this bio-fuel production carried with it the opportunity cost of lost food production. Food demand has been increasing in demand one because of the population growth specifically in developing nations and also increasing disposable incomes. It will become a matter of more and more concern to ensure that food production and distribution is designed to match this population expansion and that no communities or countries fall through the cracks. The impact of side-lining this issue and ignoring the impact that it can have on domestic and eventually global, political and economic scenarios is a potentially dangerous one. As the draft document developed by a high level task force setup to resolve the global food crisis explains ‘High food prices are estimated to be driving over

Life With Mom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Life With Mom - Essay Example It was 12 years back in 1998 when my mother and I made our way to Las Vegas; the much celebrated party town of United States of America. Back in 1998, at the Excalibur Hotel where we both stayed looked like a giant medieval castle that swallowed us like a tiny dust particle through a huge vacuum cleaner that we call luxury. From the very beginning of our arrival to Las Vegas the MGM Grand Hotel with all its surrounding myths regarding its sprawling luxurious establishments allured us to make a visit to that place. Hence, in one hot and dry Vegas evening we took a little walk and after a brief period of time stood right in front of the magnanimity of the modern Vegas. A huge golden lion above the entrance welcomed us, but fortunately, without a roar. Soon our already enchanted souls made their way into the hotel and suddenly we found ourselves before a giant television where no other than Elvis Presley was singing and dancing. Wine has a funny thing; it becomes precious as it gets old and so does Presley. Finally a casino parted the ways of my mom and me. The casino was by far the largest we have seen and without any argument took care of individual preferences when it mattered. The blackjack table drew me as light draws an insect to slowly burn itself yet does not forget to allot its share of warmth before it turns it to ashes. My mother had other attractions and soon made her comfortable with the jangling quarter slot machines. One thing you can be rest assured about the casinos, here on one hand you will find jubilant gamblers, screaming their throats out in joy with each coin they win and on the other shouts not so jubilant and rather filled with suppressed anger knock your ears down with each successive loss they incur. Our experience with this particular casino was no different and we somewhat liked it. After 30 minutes of hue and cry I felt my mother’s assuring hands on my shoulder and with a smile and a following tap of praise she declared that sh e had just won $1400.00 and we should leave while we are wining. Frankly speaking, at first I wasn’t happy about leaving so early yet when she showed me the dollars she had just won; I quit my game and left with my joyful mother to seek another adventure in Las Vegas. After all luck is like a southern wind that might change sides with a wink of an eye. If life were only a matter of casinos and parties, perhaps Santa would have lost his job. Two women with age differences and weaved through a social relation called mother and daughter are bound to rub their shoulders against each other but not always because Michal Jordon has put a basket. My mom and me were no exception. As I remember in a summer afternoon that was hot enough to boil our brain we both sat in our kitchen and normal talks were being exchanged. Her eyes were fixed into a magazine yet she was more engrossed on talking about Uncle Tom and Aunt Joanne that I had found unnecessary interference. I never felt being an individual human being one should unnecessarily interfere into my own life and I should respect the same about him. Hence I stopped my mother in doing so and that unleashed her anger upon me. It all started with her harping on my weight that had nothing to deal with it that moment; upset to the brink I threw a cup of cold water to her that was immediately answered by throwing of a cup of

Documented paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Documented - Research Paper Example This situation is in sharp contrast to the denizens of rich states like   America who not only have more then enough food for their consumption but waste a great deal of it too. Many reasons have been give to explain away the food crisis some of which include weather conditions, increased demand attributable to an ever increasing population and for many speculation on food commodities has contributed to fluctuating prices which have nothing to do with real demand or supply of the commodity. For example the present Pope expressed his anger over food speculation which he feels is responsible for the food crisis. Also contributing to the crisis are serious concerns over the food supply. Over the past few years bumper crops meant that farmers had been getting underpaid for their product due to the overwhelming supply. Because of this problem many farmers decided to switch from food production to utilizing the land for something else. For example in India a major controversy was generat ed by the utilization of land for production of bio-fuels which were offering higher returns to farmers and resulting in higher export earnings, however this bio-fuel production carried with it the opportunity cost of lost food production. Food demand has been increasing in demand one because of the population growth specifically in developing nations and also increasing disposable incomes. It will become a matter of more and more concern to ensure that food production and distribution is designed to match this population expansion and that no communities or countries fall through the cracks. The impact of side-lining this issue and ignoring the impact that it can have on domestic and eventually global, political and economic scenarios is a potentially dangerous one. As the draft document developed by a high level task force setup to resolve the global food crisis explains ‘High food prices are estimated to be driving over

MGT499 - Strategic Management Mod 1 Case Assignment Essay

MGT499 - Strategic Management Mod 1 Case Assignment - Essay Example 82% of American households have made at least one purchase at Wal-Mart during an annum. Company’s expansions are very aggressive where there is a new store opening every day. However analyzing the growth and profitability trends over the years, there is a declining trend in terms of same store performance which is currently covered up by the aggressive new outlet openings. This paper aims to assess whether the company’s mission and objectives are well aligned with its stake holder needs that will allow the long term sustaining of the company’s success. Wal-Mart’s mission is â€Å"Saving People Money so They Can Live Better† This is the philosophy of the Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton who stated that â€Å"If we work together, we’ll lower the cost of living for everyone†¦we’ll give the world an opportunity to see what it’s like to save and have a better life.† This is the driving principle of the company’s low cost-low price business model. The company claims that their core principles of 1) respect for the individuals, 2) Service to the customers and 3) Striving for excellence has been the cornerstones of their success as they move forward (Wal-Mart Stores Website 2008). While Wal-Mart has benefited from this business mission of offering every day low prices over the past decade, the trends indicate that the competition has intensified in the market and the competitors have streamlines their own operations, benchmarking against Wal-Mart. They have managed to increase their internal efficiencies and cut back on cost structures, allowing them to bring their prices closer to Wal-Mart but offer more value additions such as greater customer service, better product quality and greater stores ambiance that has increased their appeal to the middle and upper income group strata. While the appeal of the low price offer has kept legions of low income customers loyal to the

Reflective Independent Learning Essay Example for Free

Reflective Independent Learning Essay 1. A critical part of being an independent learner is reflecting on your learning. Go to the following link from the University of Hull and learn more on how to be a reflective learner: University of Hawaii Reflective Learning 2. Being an independent learner is a guiding principle for university learning and success. Clearly, learning independently is a complex activity that involves many things but crucially it requires the ability to take responsibility for and to reflect on your learning so that you can achieve the goals that you set for yourself. Find out more about what it means to be an independent learner and how you can improve in this area by going to the following link and reading this article from Hull University: Study Advice 1. Write a short paragraph answering the following questions: a) Describe several things that you have done or are doing at university that would be defined as independent learning. b) Being motivated, confident and reflective were highlighted in the article as key to independent learning. How do you rate yourself in these areas? c) Referring to the articles above, describe how you can improve your independent learning. One of the important things that I use and I define as independent learning is portfolios. I use them not only for all my classes but also for everything I take a picture of or draw or write or even tutorials that shows how to make things. I consider that very important because it helps me to remember everything I did and I liked, so every time I take my portfolio and browse it, I remember all the good and positive things I did and that make me happy. In my opinion, motivation, confidence, and reflection are the fundamental keys to be an efficient independent learner because they give energy that make you feel that you want to do something that you like. And when you do something you like it gives you motivation and confidence. It‘s a kind of cycle that never ends. And personally I think those three elements are what keep artists doing the good work. In my case I use normal portfolios, but the negative thing about that is that a certain time I will end up having many portfolios which will take a lot of space.

The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner

The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner Samuel Taylor Coleridges The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is said to be his attempt to bring supernatural terrors to a naturalistic setting. Some critics have argued that the moral truths of the poem are not only unintelligible but also irrational. But for other critics, this irrationality is what gives the poem its greatest quality. In analyzing and critiquing Coleridges poem, an in depth analysis of the irrational is needed. This irrationality is not Coleridges failure to explain the supernatural but actually an evidence of its Christian moral code and that the poems irrationality emerges because of Coleridges inner conflict with his conversion from Unitarianism to the Anglicanism religion. This hermeneutic must be in mind when attempting to interpret Coleridges poem. Before we can look at modern critics such as Christopher Stokes, J Robert Barth, John T Netland, and even Jerome J. McGann, we must first look at how earlier critics have looked at Coleridges work through a Christian eyes. The article Coleridge And The Luminous Gloom: An Analysis Of The Symbolical Language In The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner' by Elliott B. Gose, Jr. examines the poem through a Christian perspective only because Gose believes the poem is filled with Christian trappings (239). Gose shows how symbols carry a Christian ideology and spends considerable time on examining how the sun (whether glorious or red) represents God while the other forces in the poem represent the forces of nature. In the end, Gose claims that nature is subordinate to God and that the Mariners voyage does not deal with a physical voyage but it represents a Romantic urge to explore the eternal soul and the temporal emotions (244). But throughout the article, Gose fails to fully explain the other stran ger elements in Coleridges poem. For instance, he brings up life-in-death, who wins the Mariner in a gamble, but then dismisses her by stating how she is obviously outside the Christian hierarchy and is connected with a whole strand of non-Christian figures, incidents, and images in the poem (242). He interprets this from the obscure explanation given from the gloss and continues with the rest of the poem still in Christian ideological framework. More modern critics will point out how though much of the poem seems to use Christian terms, the more stranger elements and the ambiguous details create distance between familiar and unfamiliar which gave trouble to many earlier Christian critical readings of Coleridges text. Goses confusion with the gloss and its obscure Christian emphasis can be explained in Reading And Resistance: The Hermeneutic Subtext Of The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner by John T Netland. He suggests that the poem displays an incongruous mixture of pagan and Christian symbols (38) and examines the use of the gloss as a hermeneutic. Although the gloss-writing editor is responding to the original poem and seeks to interpret it for a modern audience, the editor marginalizes the Mariners experiences and emphasizes the Christian overtones of the poem. Netland states the gloss and the poem itself create a unique tension between contrasting religious imaginations (41). One is a world of categorized and rational set of religious experiences (inferred from gloss) while the other a spiritual, mystical, irrational religious sublimity (from the poem). Netland states that Coleridge may have gotten his idea from Bibles at that time with their gloss notes that gave a clearer interpretation of the b iblical text. This is very similar to Jerome J. McGanns examinations in his brilliant article, The Meaning Of The Ancient Mariner, where McGann briefly details the poems history from its initial criticism to Coleridges embracing of Christian ideology to his Higher Critical analytics of the re-interpretative process of the Bible to Coleridges attempt in mimicking this layered hermeneutic upon his own work. McGann points to the fact that Coleridges poem was originally a literary ballad among all the other lyrical ballads found Wordsworths printed work, Lyrical Ballads. With the second edition, and with Wordworths concerns, Coleridge made alterations to make the poem less a literary ballad and more a lyrical ballad. Coleridge may have realized what he was doing was similar to what occurred in Biblical narratives. Coleridge had argued in length on issues of Higher Criticism that Scriptures were not an unmediated and fixed biblical text but an evolved and continuously evolving set of rec ords which include the Churchs later glosses on and interpretations of the earlier documents (47). McGann remarkably suggests that Coleridges revised version of his poem shows four clear layers of development: (a) an original mariners tale; (b) the ballad narrative of that story; (c) the editorial gloss added when the ballad was, we are to suppose, first printed; and (d) Coleridges own point of view on his invented materials (50). The last shows Coleridges own theory of religious and symbolic interpretation. McGann believes that The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is Coleridges imitation of a culturally redacted literary work (51). But coming back to Netlands article, the gloss, he believes, becomes an inadequate hermeneutic for analyzing the poem. Netland suggests that the gloss is inadequate as a hermeneutic since the editor reduces the Mariners spiritual journey, actions, and sufferings into a straight-forward neat plot to emphasize Christian redemption. Netland states that the Marinerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦has experienced something of the religious sublime (whether real or delusive), and his compulsive retellings of his story point to the inexplicable profundity of his experience (51). The writer of the gloss fails to understand this and the gloss represses the Mariners heightened religious experience. Netland suggests that we instead respond like the stunned Wedding Guest which is far more consistent to Coleridgean hermeneutics when analyzing the journey of the Mariner. But can the gloss be ignored? McGann disagrees and states that the changes (as well as the addition of the gloss) from 1798 to 1817 show an important story in Coleridges development of the purposes of his poem. Many believed that these changes were a reactionary movement in which a daring and radical poem is transformed into a relatively tame work of Christian symbolism (42) when Coleridge retreated from his radical views to his later Christian ideology. McGann, in his article, dives deeply into Coleridges understanding of the Higher Critical analysis of the Christian Bible to show Coleridges Hermeneutic Model of his poem originating from his ideas of the process of the Bibles creation. Coleridge saw how Gods Word was expressed and later reexpressed through commentary, gloss, and interpretation by particular people at different times according to their differing lights (43). Coleridges poem is presented as just this type of reinterpreted text retaining its own ideological coherence e ven through the fragmentation from reinterpretation. McGann states that the poem shows Coleridges process of textual evolution and the symbolic meaning of that process is a Christian redemptive one. We can see how the very nature of religion affected Coleridge in his earlier 1798 version and his later 1817 version (with gloss) and can conclude that the poet himself and his faith must be examined. J. Robert Barths book, Romanticism and Transcendence: Wordsworth, Coleridge, and the Religious Imagination, delves deeply into Coleridges theories, struggles, and faith. Although, he spends the first four chapter exploring Wordsworths works and how it practices Coleridges theories of imagination, he examines closely the nature of religion in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner in chapter 6. Although Coleridge had theological speculations, he was a practical Christian (89). Coleridge believed in living out the practical aspects of his faith. Barth does not give a complete examination of Coleridges poem, but hones in to what he believes gives strength and beauty to Coleridges poetry. The notion of polarity (a balance or reconciliation of opposites (6)) is central to Coleridges theories of ima gination. Opposite objects, qualities, or tensions exist within the same field of force' (6). Barth also looks at prayer as a means of bringing these two forces into harmony (natural and supernatural). Coleridge is concerned with prayer but at a deeper level as a means of uniting the creature with the Creator (90). Coleridges guilt and need for redemption is bound to his longing for forgiveness and friendship with God. Coleridge calls prayer the the effort to connect the misery of Self with the blessedness of God (90). It is a means of connecting the natural to the supernatural, the temporal to the eternal, and the immanent to the transcendent. Barth states that even though Coleridge does move from his Unitarian ideology to his Christian ideology, a shift that can be seen in the poem and its revision, this idea of prayer is still deep within Coleridges soul. Although, Barth explores prayer within the poem during Coleridges conversion, this shift of faith can be explored further as m eans for a proper hermeneutic in interpreting Coleridges poem. Christopher Stokes article My Soul In Agony: Irrationality And Christianity In The Rime Of The Ancient Mariner explores the struggle between the physical and the spiritual world in Coleridges poem. His poem contains strange elements that seem unintelligible and irrational. Stokes states that these elements stem from Coleridges Unitarian moral theory that he subscribed to at the time. Because these strange elements are unintelligible, there is an ambiguity between the supernatural events and orthodox religion. Though much of the poem seems to use Christian terms, there is still details that are ambiguous and this creates distance between familiar and unfamiliar. Stokes states that these ambiguous moments create a divided tone and he claims this is from Coleridges difficult transition from Unitarianism to Anglican Christianity. Coleridge struggled with Christianitys concept of original sin and a closer examination must be conducted to understand why he possibly struggled with it. The concept and doctrine of Original Sin was developed by the early Roman church and was based on Pauls teachings found in the Book of Romans. In the Old Testament (specifically from Genesis), Adam and Eve disobeyed God in the Garden and the result was that they were cursed and banished out of the Garden. Because of the actions of Adam and Eve, sin (a propensity to disobey God) originated in the Garden and continued to all future generations. Paul teaches a reinterpretation of this Genesis story. In Romans 5.12, Paul states that just as sin entered the world through one man, and death through sin, and in this way death came to all people, because all sinned. At the time of Pauls teaching, audiences of the early Gospels will be familiar with the story of Jesus (especially since Mark and Matthew may have been circulating prior to Romans being written). The audiences would understand that Jesus died as a sacrificial lamb for the sins (actual personal committed sins; a personal disobedie nce) of all man. But Paul goes to reinterpret Christs death to add that Jesus died to not only remove our personal sins but also to remove the hold of original sin on humanity which results in death. For just as through the disobedience of the one man the many were made sinners, so also through the obedience of the one man the many will be made righteous (Romans 5.19). This meant that all humanity was guilty for their personal sins and guilty for the sin of Adam and Eve that was passed to generations. Later under the Roman church, Saint Augustine of Hippo taught that all of humanity was in a state of sin that came from Adam. Man is born with sin and a weakened free-will that gravitates toward sin. Adam and Eves sin and guilt is carried onto each generation (Kelley, 34-38). This was the concept of Original Sin. This is a belief that is still held today by Catholics and Protestants (although, it may vary based on demonization). But Unitarians do not believe in the concept of Original Sin. They do not believe that the sin of Adam and Eve corrupted all of humanity and that we still carry their guilt. They state it would contradict the love and justice of God to attribute to us the sin of others, because sin is ones own personal action (JoÃÅ' zsef, 107). This was a key to why Coleridge struggled in his conversion to Christianity and is evident in his poem. Stokes, in his article, explains the struggle readers have with the strange and irrational elements in the poem are reflective and evidence of Coleridges struggle in his departure from Unitarian ideology to Anglican ideology. An example can be seen with the killing of the Albatross which many critics agree is a strange element to the poem. The Mariner simply kills the bird with no thought prior and the only shock is from the Wedding Guest. The crew at first thought it wrong, but then agreed that the bird was bad luck. Without the gloss notes (and in the original 1798 version), it seems that even nature is unmoved by something that seemed like a crime and the reader isnt given any reason that the killing set any clear event in motion (a determinative effects of motives based on Unitarian moral theory (5)). The albatross death is a powerful but initially unintelligible event but has no obvious moral or religious significance (6). Coleridge, after his conversion and firming in Christian ideology, comes to term with original sin and revises his work (through additions, subtractions, and including a gloss for the poem) giving it a more Anglican tone. The gloss becomes an Anglican hermeneutic bringing the poem under a Christian ideology and moral order. The poem under the gloss gives it a Christian salvational trajectory (20). It is only through the gloss (and Coleridges later revision in 1817) that we learn that the ancient Mariner inhospitably killeth the pious bird of good omen. Stokes understands the common critical belief that the Mariner conspicuously relies on Christian rituals and beliefs . . . the Christian doctrine fails to explain his world of excessive suffering and irrational events (11). But he states that before we dismiss these strange elements as irrational, we must explore Coleridges religious thinking at the time of writing the poem and both its revisions. It is only through the examination of his personal faith and conversion that we can develop a proper hermeneutic to interpret Coleridges poem. It would be erroneous to assume irrationality as a failure of the poems Christian moral code. One must look at Coleridges conversion as well as his struggle with the Christian doctrine of original sin that creates the irrational or at least creates ambiguous language. It is only through this hermeneutic that we can fully understand and appreciate Coleridges poem where he attempts to understand and present to us the concepts that are beyond understanding.

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke :: American America History

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Established in 1968, the medical school at the University of California implemented a special admissions program to increase the representation of minorities in each entering class. There was one underlying problem with their special admissions program that was not addressed until 1973 when Allan Bakke submitted his application to the University of California. Their special admissions program worked by reserving sixteen percent of the entering class for minorities. The minorities entering through this special admissions program were processed and interviewed separately from the regular applicants. The grade point averages and standardized test scores from the special-admissions entrants were significantly lower than the grade point averages and standardized test scores of the regular entrants, including our dear friend Allan Bakke. In 1973 Allan Bakke applied to the medical school at the University of California. His application was rejected because it was turned in near the end of the year and by the time his application was up for consideration they were only accepting those who had scored 470 or better on their interview scores. Bakke had only scored a 468 out of the possible 500. When he learned that four of the special-admissions spots were left unfilled at the time his application was rejected he wrote a letter to Dr. George H. Lowrey, the associate dean and chairman of the admissions committee, stating how the special admissions system was unjust and prejudiced. When Bakke applied again in 1974 he was once again rejected. This time Bakke sued the University of California. His position was that the school had excluded him on the basis of his race and violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the California Constitution, and civil rights legislation. The trial court ruled in Bakke's favor, however they did not order the University of California to admit him. Bakke appealed to the California Supreme Court where they ruled that the school's admissions programs were unconstitutional and ordered the school to admit Bakke as a student. The school appealed this decision and brought it to the Supreme Court to argue their case on October 12th 1977. The Supreme Court upheld the California Supreme Court's decision with a 5-4 vote. The Court also ruled that the special-admissions program constituted reverse discrimination and was therefore illegal. The Court also said that schools could continue to look at race as a factor when accepting applicants, but they could not set up a quota system or look at race as the only deciding factor. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke :: American America History Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Established in 1968, the medical school at the University of California implemented a special admissions program to increase the representation of minorities in each entering class. There was one underlying problem with their special admissions program that was not addressed until 1973 when Allan Bakke submitted his application to the University of California. Their special admissions program worked by reserving sixteen percent of the entering class for minorities. The minorities entering through this special admissions program were processed and interviewed separately from the regular applicants. The grade point averages and standardized test scores from the special-admissions entrants were significantly lower than the grade point averages and standardized test scores of the regular entrants, including our dear friend Allan Bakke. In 1973 Allan Bakke applied to the medical school at the University of California. His application was rejected because it was turned in near the end of the year and by the time his application was up for consideration they were only accepting those who had scored 470 or better on their interview scores. Bakke had only scored a 468 out of the possible 500. When he learned that four of the special-admissions spots were left unfilled at the time his application was rejected he wrote a letter to Dr. George H. Lowrey, the associate dean and chairman of the admissions committee, stating how the special admissions system was unjust and prejudiced. When Bakke applied again in 1974 he was once again rejected. This time Bakke sued the University of California. His position was that the school had excluded him on the basis of his race and violated his rights under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the California Constitution, and civil rights legislation. The trial court ruled in Bakke's favor, however they did not order the University of California to admit him. Bakke appealed to the California Supreme Court where they ruled that the school's admissions programs were unconstitutional and ordered the school to admit Bakke as a student. The school appealed this decision and brought it to the Supreme Court to argue their case on October 12th 1977. The Supreme Court upheld the California Supreme Court's decision with a 5-4 vote. The Court also ruled that the special-admissions program constituted reverse discrimination and was therefore illegal. The Court also said that schools could continue to look at race as a factor when accepting applicants, but they could not set up a quota system or look at race as the only deciding factor.

Sexuality of Men and Women: A Comparison

The perceived views of men s and women s sexuality have been the subject of great speculation and conflict. Although great strides have been made over the years in the sexual â€Å"revolution†, the basic views of male and female sexuality have remained the same. Throughout history the ideas of proper sexuality for men and women have changed little. Men have always been portrayed as the aggressive pursuer of a woman’s sexual favors. Women, in turn, have been required by society to diligently preserve their honor outside of the marital bed. Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† offers a good example of the game-like behavior that has become almost expected of a man and woman in society. The narrator beseeches his Lady to â€Å"sport us while we may like amorous birds of prey†. The Lady on the other hand, flirts casually and spurns the narrator’s advances. Women are praised highly for their virtue and honor in keeping their virginity for the institution of marriage. Even though it is perfectly acceptable for a man to attempt for and even acquire the sexual favors of a woman it is a social sin and in some areas a crime for a woman to succumb to her sexual desires outside of marriage. In Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter†, Hester Prynne is ostracized by her community for having an extra-marital affair. Her punishment condemns her for her adultery and assures her a lifetime of humiliation. Many societies have gone through great lengths over the centuries to ensure fidelity or virginity in women. In the Middle Ages, women were often forced to wear chastity belts to ensure their virtue was kept intact while men were away at war or some other manly undertaking. In some countries, women are forced to cover every inch of their bodies in an effort to avoid the advances of other men. The narrator in Amy Lowells Patterns speaks of her passion that wars against the stiff brocade of her dress, the very heavy and unrevealing style of the era in which the poem is set. She laments the death of her betrothed as they were to be wed in a month and, as she felt bound by the dress, he was to have freed her from it. This poem also illustrates how the narrator, as many women in the past, did not consider it proper to succumb to her passions before marriage. Men on the other hand have often been revered for their sexual prowess. Kings often kept concubines, or mistresses. In some countries, it is acceptable for a man to have many wives. Sexual conquest has become almost a gauge by which manhood is tested. Men are often bombarded by peer pressure to become sexually active at an early age. Seen as a rite of passage by many men, they begin their pursuit of women before they are even capable of reproduction. In Stevie Smith s The Frog Prince, the narrator speaks of his being happy the way he is but he feels that it is required of him to have a girl. Changing times have allowed people to become a little more open in expressing their sexuality. However, more often than not, most men and women tend to conform themselves to expectations that remain the same even in today s society.

Gender Discrimination in Developing Countries Essay

Although we live in the 21st century gender discrimination still remains. Despite the fact that international laws have granted men and women equal rights, in some parts of the world there is discriminatory attitude towards men and women, which affects their lives on a daily basis. Since women are mostly affected by discrimination, I will try to cover as many different types as possible. First of all, in eastern countries when girls are born they are considered as just another expanse. Their place is in the home, and they’re considered to be servant of the household. As they grow up they’re made to feel inferior to boys. Also in some parts of the world, girls do not have the right to go to school and be educated. Resulting in them not being able to seek a career later on in their lives. As far as labor in concerned girls are likely to work from daybreak until the light drains away, they work hard without recognition or reward, not to mention the fact that since infancy women run the risk of physical harm, they’re vulnerable to abuse, especially those living in societies where their rights mean practically nothing. In addition, this is a phenomenon in developing world countries since there is much poverty striking families; they see their daughters as an economic predicament. Even newborn girls lack the opportunity to be breast fed by their mothers, since their goal is to try and get pregnant again with a boy as soon as possible. As they grow up, they receive less food, healthcare, even fewer vaccinations then boys. In my opinion, the whole world is facing a devastating reality regarding discrimination against girls and women in developing countries. This results in numerous individual tragedies, which contributes to less potential for the countries they’re born in. It is my firm belief that if one part suffers, so does the whole. I feel sorry for all of those female children, who are defenseless against the trauma of gender discrimination. I’m certain that the various international organizations, are working hard to improve the livelihood of girls and women  living in developing countries, such as, UNICEF, UNIFEM, or Amnesty International. I feel relieved that at least they’re trying to raise international awareness. As for the validity of the source is concerned, it is secondary source primarily based on fact. The source is trustworthy indeed, since it comes from the representative of Children In Need Inc. which strives to encourage people to help and support children in need. They do provide accurate information, since they express their own experiences from visits to those countries. Questions: Don’t you think it’s time you stepped up and contributed to raising international awareness about gender discrimination? Is it right for a baby girl to be deprived of her mother’s breast-feeding? Are we proud of being citizens of developed countries, without being aware of what goes on in some other parts of the world? Don’t you think food; education and healthcare should be a right that all children despite gender should have?

Ethical Behaviour Social Responsibility

Guests decide which local charities they would like to support and the store then selects up to eight of these to be part of the program. luncheon athletic is also committed to the Centre for Integrated Healing, an organization dedicated to holistic treatment and prevention of cancer, and Silken Lawman's community-oriented Active Kids Movement. 8 Growth and Community Commitment The company has plans to open nearly 200 new stores worldwide. In preparation, luncheon athletic has hired an experienced CEO, Robert Myers, who was at the helm of Rebook for 1 5 years.In 2005, the company implemented a five-year vision called the Community Legacies program which is based on the belief that â€Å"every person we hire, garment we create, store we pen, customer we educate, and yoga class we attend contributes to building a legacy in our communities. † 9 This goal and action plan, along with the deep-rooted commitment to ethical business practices and maintaining a health and fun-filled en vironment in communities it operates in, will guide lulu lemon athletic towards success as a global retailer.Questions 1. Discuss leadership beliefs that guide the socially responsible practices at lulu lemon athletic. (10) 2. Evaluate luncheon athletics social performance with respect to its economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities. 8) 3. What social responsibility strategy is luncheon athletic pursuing? Explain The Case Study due date: The Case Study should be typewritten and doubled- spaced using a 12 font setting. Suggested Answers lulu lemon athletic.People-?the belief that people do their best in healthy work environments with a balance of work and family life. The company mission is that they will provide components for people to live a longer, healthier and more fun life. Educators participate in in-store yoga sessions. The core values specifically address the fact that there is no separation teen health, family, and work. The product is purchased by peop le who have integrated health and wellness into their daily lives.Communities-?a belief that organizations perform best when located in healthy communities. The focus of the company is to develop healthier communities in each of the areas of the world that it does business. Natural environment-?a belief that organizations gain by treating the natural environment with respect. The company recently introduced a natural, organic-fiber clothing line. Long term-?a belief that organizations must be managed and led for long- ERM success. The company is being managed by an experienced CEO, Robert Myers.It has created the five-year vision. Reputation-?the belief that one's reputation must be protected to ensure consumer and stakeholder support. This is a multi-million dollar company with plans to become a global retailer. It invests money in keeping its educators, guests, and ambassadors knowledgeable about products and well- informed about athletic opportunities in the community. It has cre ated a brand and a culture that relies in the product. Management acts on by its educators and guests. Economic, legal, ethical, and discretionary responsibilities.Is the organization's economic responsibility met? The company is valued at over $220 million. Strong financial results have been achieved in less than 10 years. The company has plans to open 200 new stores. The company provides products and services that are desired by its guests. Is the organization's legal responsibility met? The company's Community Legacies program publicly addresses the belief that â€Å"every person we hire, garment we create, store we open, customer we educate and yoga class we attend contributes to building a legacy in our immunities†.

101.Should talking and texting on a cell phone without a hands-free Essay

101.Should talking and texting on a cell phone without a hands-free device while driving be illegal - Essay Example More alarmingly, recent years of the road safety issues are derived from the mismanagement of communication devices during driving. A careless and distracted driving practice associated with talking or text messaging while the vehicle governance is on the rise in every part of the world. More noticeably, use of handheld devices during driving is more dangerous than permissible levels of drunk driving because the former holds the preoccupation of the driver indulging in impulsive variations. Thousands of lives are lost and many more are left permanently disabled due to the negligence of drivers of public transportation particularly. At this wake, it is essential to make an over view of the impact of the culpable practice of careless driving and raise an alarm in the minds of people about the peril closely following it. Severe violations of driving ethics from drivers cause damage to life of people from utter carelessness. In an accident, the impact of the negligence of one drover is born by either party involved and usually, the lighter vehicle gets most of the reward of the evil. As Barrouquere (Sep 14, 2011) reports, in Kentucky, a tractor-trailer crash on a van claimed nine lives on the spot in Interstate 65 on 26th March, 2010 – the reason was that the truck driver had just made and outgoing call that lasted for a second when the truck hit the van. The Kentucky accident alerted the authorities which came forward with bills banning the use of hand held communication devices, especially mobile phones during driving. Presently, there are many regulations of the use of handheld devices while driving but most of them are limited to marginal amount of penalty that prove insufficient to curb this problem. The identified reasons for increasing car and truck accidents reveal the role of employers, parent and consignees who make frequent and unexpected calls to the drivers of both commercial and private vehicles. At the moment,

Law of Evidence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Law of Evidence - Essay Example verse to Duane’s interests and on this basis, the prosecution counsel can contradict by introducing prior oral statements that are inconsistent with the oral testimony provided in the Court2. In order to argue successfully in favor of admitting evidence, the Prosecution will be required to prove that: The major issue the Prosecution will have to prove is therefore the question of whether the evidence of the character of WPC Kite is relevant to the subject matter of the proceedings regarding Diane. The Prosecution could argue that the substance of WPC’s confessions should be admitted as important hearsay evidence on grounds of its relevance in understanding the probative value of the statements in understanding other evidence in the case.3 Further grounds they could use to argue for admission of WPC’s statements are the general provisions for admission of confessions4 admissions by agents5 or by utilizing the provision that â€Å"a statement made by a party to a common enterprise is admissible against another party to the enterprise as evidence of any matter stated.†6 Moreover, since the statements of WPC Kite in Court will be inconsistent with his oral admissions to Duane in the car, this could provide additional grounds for the Prosecution to seek that such evidence be admitted.7 They could argue that since the testimony that WPC Kite will be offering in Court is likely to contravene the Defendant Duane’s assertion that he made unsolicited admissions in the car on the way to the police station, the admission of those oral evidence may be justified in providing evidence of his character and the fact that he did indeed make those statements. 2. In the event Duane wishes to resist the admission of such evidence, the major argument that can be offered is the lack of relevance of WPC’s criminal record in the issue of her theft indictment. For example, in the case of Funderburk8, the issue in question was whether the defendant had sexually assaulted the